Retinoic acid is a metabolite of vitamin A that plays important roles in cell growth, differentiation, and organogenesis. Retinoic acid is a natural agonist ofRARnuclear receptors, withIC₅₀s of 14 nM for RARα/β/γ. Retinoic acid bind toPPARβ/δwithK_dof 17 nM. Retinoic acid acts as an inhibitor of transcription factor Nrf2 through activation of retinoic acid receptor alpha.

Retinoic acid (All-trans-retinoic acid, ATRA) is a highly potent derivative of vitamin A that is required for virtually all essential physiological processes and functions because of its involvement in transcriptional regulation of over 530 different genes. Retinoic acid exerts its actions by serving as an activating ligand of nuclear retinoic acid receptors (RARα-γ), which form heterodimers with retinoid X receptors (RXRα-γ)^[1].
Retinoic acid (RA) bound to PPARα and PPARγ with a low affinity demonstrated by K_dvalues of 100-200 nM. In contrast, Retinoic acid associates with PPARβ/δ with a K_dof 17 nM, revealing both high affinity and isotype selectivity^[2].
Undifferentiated P19 cells express the Retinoic acid (RA) receptors RARα, RARβ, RARγ, and PPARβ/δ, as well as the Retinoic acid -binding proteins CRABP-II and FABP5. Induction of differentiation by treatment of cells with Retinoic acid results in transient up-regulation of CRABP-II and down-regulation of FABP5 that are observed at the level of both the respective proteins and mRNAs. Following the initial decrease, the level of both FABP5 protein and mRNA increases to attain a 2-2.5-fold higher level in mature neurons as compared with undifferentiated P19 cells. Induction of differentiation does not markedly affect the levels of either RARα or PPARβ/δ. The level of RARγ mRNA decreases by about 5-fold by day 4 and remained low in mature neurons^[3].
Retinoic acid (RA) is a morphogen derived from retinol (vitamin A) that plays important roles in cell growth, differentiation, and organogenesis. The Retinoic acid interacts with retinoic acid receptor (RAR) and retinoic acid X receptor (RXR) which then regulate the target gene expression^[4].

300.44

Solid

C₂₀H₂₈O₂

302-79-4

视黄酸；维生素A酸；维甲酸

• Ketones, Aldehydes, Acids

Room temperature in continental US; may vary elsewhere.

-20°C, sealed storage, away from moisture and light

*In solvent : -80°C, 6 months; -20°C, 1 month (sealed storage, away from moisture and light)

DMSO : 50 mg/mL(166.42 mM;ultrasonic and warming and heat to 60℃)

请根据产品在不同溶剂中的溶解度选择合适的溶剂配制储备液；一旦配成溶液，请分装保存，避免反复冻融造成的产品失效。
储备液的保存方式和期限：-80℃, 6 months; -20℃, 1 month (sealed storage, away from moisture and light)。-80℃ 储存时，请在 6 个月内使用，-20℃ 储存时，请在 1 个月内使用。

请根据您的实验动物和给药方式选择适当的溶解方案。以下溶解方案都请先按照In Vitro方式配制澄清的储备液，再依次添加助溶剂：

——为保证实验结果的可靠性，澄清的储备液可以根据储存条件，适当保存；体内实验的工作液，建议您现用现配，当天使用； 以下溶剂前显示的百
分比是指该溶剂在您配制终溶液中的体积占比；如在配制过程中出现沉淀、析出现象，可以通过加热和/或超声的方式助溶

• 1.

  请依序添加每种溶剂： 10% DMSO    40%PEG300   5%Tween-80   45% saline

  Solubility: 2.5 mg/mL (8.32 mM); Suspended solution; Need ultrasonic and warming

  此方案可获得 2.5 mg/mL (8.32 mM) 的均匀悬浊液，悬浊液可用于口服和腹腔注射。

  以 1 mL 工作液为例，取 100 μL 25.0 mg/mL 的澄清 DMSO 储备液加到 400 μL PEG300 中，混合均匀；向上述体系中加入50 μL Tween-80，混合均匀；然后继续加入 450 μL生理盐水定容至 1 mL。

  将 0.9 g 氯化钠，完全溶解于 100 mL ddH2O 中，得到澄清透明的生理盐水溶液
• 2.

  请依序添加每种溶剂： 10% DMSO    90% (20%SBE-β-CDin saline)

  Solubility: ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (8.32 mM); Suspended solution

  此方案可获得 ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (8.32 mM，饱和度未知) 的均匀悬浊液，悬浊液可用于口服和腹腔注射。

  以 1 mL 工作液为例，取 100 μL 25.0 mg/mL 的澄清 DMSO 储备液加到 900 μL20% 的 SBE-β-CD 生理盐水水溶液中，混合均匀。

  将 2 g 磺丁基醚 β-环糊精加入 5 mL 生理盐水中，再用生理盐水定容至 10 mL，完全溶解，澄清透明
• 3.

  请依序添加每种溶剂： 10% DMSO    90%corn oil

  Solubility: ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (8.32 mM); Clear solution

  此方案可获得 ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (8.32 mM，饱和度未知) 的澄清溶液，此方案不适用于实验周期在半个月以上的实验。

  以 1 mL 工作液为例，取 100 μL 25.0 mg/mL 的澄清 DMSO 储备液加到 900 μL玉米油中，混合均匀。

• 4.

  请依序添加每种溶剂： 5% DMSO    40%PEG300   5%Tween-80   50% saline

  Solubility: 2.5 mg/mL (8.32 mM); Suspended solution; Need ultrasonic
• 5.

  请依序添加每种溶剂： 5% DMSO    95% (20%SBE-β-CDin saline)

  Solubility: 2.5 mg/mL (8.32 mM); Suspended solution; Need ultrasonic